Persecutions by the Nazis resulted in mass migration of Elbing Jews. In 1933, the town had 367 Jewish inhabitants, and in 1936 – only 207. The remaining Jews were moved to the area of Wyspa Spichrzow, an unofficial ghetto. They were deported to ghettos in Theresienstadt, Lodz, Riga, Piaski and Kaunas.
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Eisenstadt, Austria
The Jews of Eisenstadt were the first in Austria directly affected by the Nazi deportation as they had to leave their homes in April 1938 shortly after the Anschluss. 109 Jews from Eisenstadt perished in the Holocaust, and five survivors returned after the war.
Dusseldorf, Germany
In May 1939, 1,831 Jews remained in Dusseldorf, dropping to 1,400 in 1941. Most were deported to ghettos in Minsk, Lodz, Riga and Theresienstadt.
Cottbus, Germany
In 1933, there were around 450 Jews in Cottbus. From May 1933, they were prohibited from taking part in the annual fair. From June, all Jewish employees were ousted from the trade unions and deprived of their jobs. The majority emigrated after 1933 due to the increasing antisemitism.
By May 1939, only 142 Jews remained in Cottbus. Most were deported in 1942 and the community was not reinstated after the war.
Budzanow, Poland (now Budaniv, Ukraine)
Prior to World War Two, there were 1,200 Jews in Budzanow. The Red Army entered Budzanow on 17 September 1939, the Germans entered the town on 2 July 1941. Only 18 Jewish residents of Budzanow survived by the time the town was liberated by the Russians on 23 March 1944.
Budapest Area, Hungary
Before World War II, approximately 200,000 Jews lived in Budapest, making it the centre of Hungarian Jewish life.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Budapest and its surrounding area was a safe haven for Jewish refugees. Some 5,000 Austrian and German Jewish refugees arrived in Budapest before the war. Budapest was relatively secure until the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944.
Between April and July 1944, the Germans and Hungarians deported Jews from the Hungarian provinces. By the end of July, the Jews in Budapest were virtually the only Jews remaining in Hungary and they were not immediately ghettoised.
It was a haven for a number of the Boys, who were not born in the city.
On 8 November 1944, the Hungarians forced 70,000 Jews from Budapest on a death march to camps in Austria and Budapest was made a closed ghetto for the remaining Jews.
Budapest was liberated by Soviet forces on 13 February 1945. More than 100,000 Jews remained in the city at liberation.
Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)
Beginning in September 1941, the Jews of Breslau were driven from their homes and crowded into 'Judenhauser', to be deported later to Silesia, and from there to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp. From April 1942, the remaining Jews in Breslau were deported to Auschwitz, Sobibor extermination camp, and ghettos in Riga or Theresienstadt. Of the 3,800 deported to Theresienstadt, only 200 survived.
Boryslaw, Poland (now Boryslav, Ukraine)
The town of Boryslaw is framed from the west by the eastern Carpathian Mountains. Boryslaw was the third largest town in pre-war Poland, after Warsaw and Lodz. In mid-1941, prior to the German occupation of Boryslaw, about 17,000 Jews out of a total population of 50,000 resided in the town. A labour camp was established in Boryslaw. The city was liberated on 7 August 1944, 200 Jews had survived in the town itself having hidden in bunkers.
Bohemia and Moravia, Czechoslovakia
From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia (without the Sudetenland), together with Moravia, formed the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
The Jewish population of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (92,199 Jews in 1939) was virtually annihilated, with over 78,000 murdered.
Of the vast majority of Czech Jews that were imprisoned in Theresienstadt ghetto, 80% of those were deported to the concentration camps and extermination camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, Treblinka and Sobibor. Other Czech Jews were sent directly to death camps.
The capital city of Bohemia was Prague, where 92,000 Jews lived at the outbreak of the War, making up almost 20 per cent of the city's population. Prague was one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe. At least two-thirds of the Jewish population in Prague perished in the Holocaust.
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Bodrogkeresztur, Hungary
The Jewish population of Bodrogkeresztur was 20% of the town's total in 1930, with 535 members of the community. After the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, the Jews were rounded up on 16-17 April. They were first concentrated in a local ghetto, and then transferred to the ghetto of Satoraljauhely, from where they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp in occupied Poland. 37 members of the village's Jewish community survived the Holocaust, none remain in Bodrogkeresztur.