Antisemitic persecution had reduced the Jewish population of Konigsberg to 3,500 Jews living in the city by 1933, down to 1,585 in May 1939. Emigration was prohibited after 1939. The Jews who remained in 1942 were shipped to concentration camps, including Theresienstadt in occupied Czechoslovakia, Kaiswerwald in occupied Latvia, and camps in Minsk.
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Koblenz, Germany
In May 1939 there were only 308 Jews remaining in Koblenz. The Nazi boycott of stores and antisemitic persecution began in 1933. From 1942 to 1943, 177 Jews were deported east.
Kiel, Germany
In November 1938, the synagogue was burned down and Jewish homes were looted on Kristallnacht. Large numbers of Jews began emigrating and by 1939 there were only 299 Jews remaining in Kiel. Those who remained were expelled in 1940. Kiel’s last 12 Jews were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in Czechoslovakia.
Iwieniec, Poland (now Ivyanets, Belarus)
Iwieniec was occupied by Nazi Germany between 25 June 1941 to 6 July 1944. In November 1941, the Germans established an enclosed Jewish ghetto in Iwieniec which also received Jews from the surrounding villages. The ghetto was liquidated on 9 June 1942.
On 19 June the Polish Partisan Unit from the AK Stolpce District captured Iwieniec and destroyed the local German garrison. The city was free for a dozen or so hours. In revenge for the defeat, the Germans murdered about 150 inhabitants of Iwieniec, and many others were deported for forced labour.
Hesse, Germany
After the persecutions of Kristallnacht (9 November 1938) when the local population supported the Nazi storm-troopers, the Jews of the rural communities of Hesse were forced to move to larger towns. From there, they were deported to concentration camps in eastern Europe.
There were 1,058 Jews in Fulda in June 1933, this number had fallen to 415 by May 1939. The yeshivah in Fulda remained open until 1939. The Jews of Fulda were deported to Riga, Lublin and Theresienstadt.
Hamburg, Germany
Around 1925, about 20,000 Jews lived in Hamburg. When the Nazis came to power, most synagogues were destroyed and soon the associated communities also were dissolved. Around 7,800 Jews from Hamburg were killed under the Nazis.
Hamborn, Germany
The community (united with Duisburg) numbered 2,560 in 1933. On Kristallnacht, the synagogue was set on fire and 40 Jewish homes were vandalised. The remaining 809 Jews in Hamborn were crowded into 11 Jewish houses from which they were deported in 1941 to ghettos in the east and later to extermination camps.
Hajdu County, Hungary
Hajdu was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary. It had a population of over 13,000 Jews in the early 20th century.
Hungarian antisemitic laws 1938 caused many businesses to close, and in 1939 many Jews were enslaved and sent to Ukraine, where many died in minefields.
The capital of the county was Debrecen. In 1940, the Germans estimated that 12,000 Jews were left in the town. German forces entered the city on 20 March 1944, a ghetto was established by May 1944. The majority of Jews from Debrecen were deported to Theresienstadt ghetto in Czechoslovakia or to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp in occupied Poland. Some 4,000 Jews from Debrecen survived the war, creating a community of 4,640 in 1946, the largest in the region.
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Graz, Austria
Graz is the capital city of the province of Styria. In 1932, there were about 2,450 Jews living in Styria. After the Anscluss, persecutions and deportations of Jews began. In the spring of 1940, the city of Graz announced itself to be "free of Jews".
Fiume, Italy (now Rijeka, Croatia)
In 1938, the racial laws of Fascist Italy were promulgated. Jews with Italian citizenship were subject to discrimination, and foreign Jews were to be interned in camps. When Italy capitulated to the Allies in September 1943, the Germans occupied all Italian territories. The Jews of Fiume were mostly deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp in occupied Poland.